The, possibly, erroneous assumption that these materials are monatomic
is
intimately involved with our theory about how superconductivity works
with
what we call the ORMUS materials, as you will soon see.
According to conventional superconductivity theory, a material must be
in
a solid crystalline matrix in order to become a superconductor. Type I
superconductors
are single element metals which are cooled to near absolute zero in
order
to achieve this crystalline matrix state. Type II superconductors can
achieve
an appropriate crystalline state at a much higher temperature (near the
temperature
of liquid nitrogen; still colder than any natural temperature on
earth).
They do this by creating a sort of "egg crate" crystalline spacing
using
a variety of elements in a molecular compound like yttrium, barium,
copper
oxide.
The reason that the crystalline matrix is required is because the
electrons
in the superconductor-candidate material must be able to pair up into
what
physicists call "Cooper pairs". The Cooper pairing of electrons
apparently
allows the electrons to store the energy, which is put into the
superconductor,
indefinitely.
I imagine that an electron Cooper pair is like a little circuit or
storage
battery which can store a very large amount of energy.
As these Cooper paired "circuits" get charged up, an energy "field"
grows
around them. This energy field excludes other fields (like magnetic)
fields
and, probably, gravity. What this means is that a " charged"
superconductor
will exclude a magnetic field to the extent that the superconductor
will
levitate over a magnet. This is called the Meissner effect and is used
as
the main indicator that superconductivity is occurring.
A crystalline matrix provides the proper spacing so that the electrons
can
pair up without forming chemical bonds. With type I and type II
superconductors
this matrix is crucial.
A colleague postulated (in 1996) that the ORMUS elements can be single
unit
superconductors because their electrons pair up within the single
atomic
or diatomic unit. You can read this colleagues description of his
theory
at:
http://www.subtleenergies.com/ormus/research/paranorm.htm#diatomic
When a group of particles "condense" into a single unified state
capable
of superconductor and superfluid behaviors they become a special state
of
matter called a "Bose-Einstein condensate" (BEC). The BEC state in
whole
atoms was recently achieved in the laboratory by cooling a group of
atoms
to within a millionth of a degree of absolute zero.
The particles, which are capable of quantum behaviors like
superconductivity
and superfluidity, are called "bosons". A boson must be composed of an
even
number of sub-particles. (particles with an odd number of sub particles
are
called "fermions".) This means that a single unit superconductor must
be
a boson.
Since metallic gold, for example, is a fermion--with an odd number (79)
of
protons and electrons--it theoretically could not become a monatomic
superconductor.
In order for a gold atom to become a single unit superconductor it
would
have to form a Bose-Einstein condensate with at least one other gold
atom.
Of course, then it would not be monatomic gold since two atoms of gold
would
be "condensed" into a single unit structure with 158 protons and
electrons.
You can read about how this principle was demonstrated with helium 3 on
the American
Institute of Physics web page at:
http://www.aip.org/physnews/graphics/html/helium3.htm
Here is the quote from that page:
"A superfluid is a liquid that flows without viscosity or inner
friction.
For a liquid to become superfluid, the atoms or molecules making up the
liquid
must be cooled or "condensed" to the point at which they all occupy the
same
quantum state. A liquid of helium-3, an atom whose nucleus is made up
of
an odd number of particles, is a type of particle known as a fermion.
Groups
of fermions are not allowed to occupy the same quantum state.
By cooling the liquid to a low enough temperature, helium-3 atoms can
pair
up (left panel). The number of particles in each nucleus adds up to an
even
number, making it a type of particle known as a boson. Groups of bosons
can
fall into the same quantum state, and therefore superfluidity can be
achieved.
Helium-4 (middle panel), a boson, does not need to pair up to form a
superfluid;
groups of helium-4 atoms condense into the superfluid state at about 2
degrees
above absolute zero. Superfluidity, especially the kind that exists in
helium-3,
is analogous to conventional low-temperature superconductivity, in
which
electrons flow through certain metals and alloys without resistance. In
a
superconductor (right panel), electrons, which are fermions, pair up in
the
metal crystal to form "Cooper pairs," bosons which can then condense
into
a superconducting state."
ORMUS gold has demonstrated superconductive properties in a
non-crystalline
form. You can see a short video that I took of some ORMUS gold that we
made
from metallic gold at:
http://www.subtleenergies.com/ormus/research/levitate.avi
This video demonstrates magnetic levitation of particles of ORMUS gold.
Since
these particles are obviously not in a rigid crystalline matrix we can
take
this as evidence that we have a bosonic form of gold (probably a
condensed
di-atom or larger).
From this experiment and others I think that it is fair to presume that
the ORMUS elements are non-crystalline superconductors.
The magnetic vortex traps that I have designed also depend on the
superconductive
magnetic levitation of the ORMUS elements. You can find several
magnetic
trap designs on my web site at:
http://www.subtleenergies.com/ormus/tw/magtrap.htm
Since these magnetic traps work on water and air (which are both
fluids)
this is further evidence that these elements are single unit
superconductors
which do not require a crystalline matrix. Therefore, we should
probably
refer to them as type III superconductors.
Their magnetic levitation and gravity nulling properties appear to be
related
to what I call "spin coherence". You can read my spin coherence
"theory"
at:
http://www.subtleenergies.com/ormus/tw/patterns.htm
You can read more about why I do not believe that these substances are
generally monatomic at:
http://www.subtleenergies.com/ormus/tw/what.htm